Friday, November 20, 2009

To grow bacteria on what type of agar?

what type of agar will be needed to count bacteria?


i will be doing an experiment for a science fair that requires me to swipe bacteria off a desk and grow it on agar.


what type of agar dish would be suitable to compare the different desks swiped off?


luria broth, nutritional agar, etc.


where can i find the different types of agars? and what type of agar would be suitable for this project?


it grows bacteria from the cotton swabs swiped from 3 different desks

To grow bacteria on what type of agar?
TGY (Tryptone-Glucose-Yeast extract) agar medium, sometimes called Plate Count Agar, is the best agar there is for growing bacteria because it has everything common bacteria need. Its a kind of nutrient agar.
Reply:i have OCD! i dont knw why i clicked on your question but im trying to battle against my OCD stuff. But once i read a lil, i thought, im not reading rest lol. sorry but had to mention it.
Reply:You should check with your advisor before proceeding further. There's a fair chance you're going to be growing some pathogenic bacteria in this experiment and you need to know how to properly handle and dispose of the plates -- they can become pretty dangerous, not just for you, but for anyone handling the refuse from the experiment.





There is no one medium that can grow all the species of bacteria likely to be found on a desk -- each type, and each temperature you use for growing will select a slightly different suite of species.





Please be careful with this and find a suitable advisor for this experiment -- a lab tech who works with pathogens, a college microbiology instructor, or similar.


Bacteria that causes candida, scientific name?

name of bacteria that causes candidiasis (candida)?


or the most common bacteria of it..i just need a SCIENTIFIC NAME TO USE..like the genus and species or w/e

Bacteria that causes candida, scientific name?
It's a fungus. Candida albicans.
Reply:Its a fungus - the family name is Candida - albicans is the most common, but there are 7 others that cause problems.
Reply:Candida is a yeast infection in your body. I only know this because I thought I had it once. I even bought books on it. Turns out I was suffering from Depresssion.
Reply:candidiasis is caused by a fungus called candida albicans


itis not a bacteria
Reply:Candida Albicans are believed to be caused by small bowel bacterial overgrowth. This overgrowth causes a fungal infection.





The amount of research in this area involving human subjects, regarding Candida in particular, is limited due to a lack of agreement on accurate testing methods and the fact that it is a relatively new area of study. Testing for small bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) however, is now becoming established using breath hydrogen testing. There has also been a lot of animal research showing that both antibiotics and steroids commonly cause substantial increases in Candida and pathogenic bacterial colonization, due to destruction of friendly bacteria and suppression of immune defenses.





One result of antibiotic use which is undisputed is antibiotic induced diarrhea which is thought to be caused mainly by Clostridium difficile infection, the incidence of which is on the increase. Recorded cases reported in March 2005 put the number of cases annually at 3 million in the United States. C.difficile infection is difficult to treat and severe cases can even lead to death. Treatment in the conventional medical setting involves more antibiotics, targeted at C.difficile in particular.





Tested against Candida Albicans is the New Silver Solution. This solution causes no destruction of the immune system and is targeted through frequency to kill only pathogenic bacterium.





http://www.mrsamedical.com/newsilversolu...
Reply:Candida or Candidiasis is causes by and overgrowth of the Candida Albican yeast bacteria. This occurs when there is a significan decrease of Acidophilus bacteria in the body.





Candida Albicans is the name you are looking for.


Question about bacteria and high salt intake?

I am curious to know if anyone knows of any research works done about the high intake of NACL and the effect it may have on certain bacteria types in the human body, given that most bacteria cannot grow in hypertonic solutions. If one person has more sodium in there diet than another, are they less at risk for infection because of their sodium intake? Have there been any studies done to give a high dose of sodium to kill bacteria in a eukarotic system? (that is without upsetting the host to the point of death or serious unreversible complications.)


Recently I have asked many friends, peers, family, clients how much salt they take in and how much they are sick. I myself take a lot of salt in and I hadn't had any kind of bacterial infection in over 12 years. I have heard very similar results from over 75 percent of the people I ask.

Question about bacteria and high salt intake?
Theonly possible effect it could have is on urinary tract infections. The human body itself mainatains a constant salt balance regardless of dietary salt intake.
Reply:take it in, and throw out via sperm
Reply:itll make u die in 5 seconds
Reply:This high salt diet idea does not work. All cells die in hypertonic solutions. If you ate enough salt to kill the bacteria in your body, your body cells would die too. If you do not consume enough salt to kill your own body cells, the bacteria cells would not die. No matter how much salt you add to your diet underneath the lethal limit, it will have no effect on the bacteria in your body.
Reply:I don't believe that the two observations "high salt intake and low rate of bacterial infections" are even remotely related. in fact a high salt intake can be dangerous. Normal intake should be 100 MEq/day. Older patients should even reduce this amount.
Reply:Don't cells maintain a 95% water 5%salt balance, about? If a person eats more salt it would cause dehydration throwing off homeostasis. the body would react and it's reaction would allow easier access for infections because the imbalance would make the body weak. It is possible thought that the iodine content in salt may have some affect on minimizing infection. It prevents the thyroid from swelling so maybe it has other properties.
Reply:When you ingest various compounds, including salt, your digestive system regulates how much of it enters your system and is absorbed. Your body also knows that to maintain optimal function it MUST maintain both sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ion levels very carefully in your circulation, in your extracellular fluid and in your intracellular space. The amount of salt that you would have to eat in order to raise your internal sodium levels would be quite high and it is still likely that you would not have any impact on bacteria other than in your stomach. Unfortunately it would also likely lead to you getting severely ill. However, your body also is quite clever and knows that if you get too much sodium in your system (hypernatremia) it will do something else to you, it will make you thirsty.





And just for fun, since bacteria are so good at adapting to harsh environments, remember this, there are types of bacteria (Halobacterium halobium for one) that actually grow on crystallized salt! If you can identify an environment you will probably identify a bacterium.
Reply:A high-salt diet in humans and experimental animals is known to cause gastritis, has been associated with a high risk of atrophic gastritis, and is considered a gastric tumor promoter. In laboratory rodents, salt is known to cause gastritis, and when coadministered, it promotes the carcinogenic effects of known gastric carcinogens. Because Helicobacter pylori has been associated with a progression from gastritis to gastric cancer, we designed a study to determine whether excessive dietary NaCl would have an effect on colonization and gastritis in the mouse model of H. pylori infection. Click here to learn more.


http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/co...
Reply:Consuming large amounts of salt is like consuming poision.Whenever a person consumes alot of sodium they are at risk in getting high blood pressure.And believe it or not having high blood pressure has been known to kill people...it's not something to play around with.Everyone enjoys salt of coarse on their food but it's really not healthy.If your going to eat salt find the one that is hymallian salt...
Reply:I don't know the answer to that, but I think it makes sense. They use salt to cure foods, don't they, to keep the food from spoiling due to bacteria growth?

fuchsia

Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria???

i have to do a project for my science class and i don't know anything about this bacteria nor can i find anything about it, streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, does anyone know where i can find ANY information about this bacteria??

Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria???
there is a pic on this page... http://kepler.uag.mx/uagwbt/microbiologi...


also try google image search... there are tons of pics out there...
Reply:have you tried wiki or google?





I type "streptococcus pyogenes" into wikipedia and get a whole page on the critter.





If your teacher doesn't like wikipedia (and some don't cos the information content can vary if people edit the page) then look at the links down the bottom of the wiki page and use them.





Then I type it into google - there's a TON of web pages out there.





You mustn't have looked very hard not to have tried a search engine or wikipedia!


Filters and bacteria. Water change or not?

Right, I have upgrade my filter from an internal fluval 2 plus to an external fluval 105. Tank already has fish in it and the tank has been going for about a month. It is a 90litre tank with 9 separate live plants... (not sure if that matters).





I took out my old filter and installed the new one (it was not a simple click on plug in set up, needed to to a little DIY on my tank for tubing and stuff but it is in place now and working well). I read somewhere that I should run both new and old filters at the same time for a few weeks then take the old one out completely. I came on here to ask if this was the case... but was told that because the old filter was out of the water for a day, all the benifical bacteria would be dead. Been 3 days since and fish/plants/water seem good. I still have not put the old one back in based on the answer that I got.





So my question is,:-





How long will it take for the filter to build up bacteria?


How long/fast does bacteria grow?

Filters and bacteria. Water change or not?
water change
Reply:no water change.


because most Bactria will not leave with water.


so you have to use some type of object or cleanser to prevent Bactria.
Reply:If you took the old filter out for a day chances are the bacteria had died. There will be some bacteria in the tank itself living on/in the gravel and rocks and plants as well as the water itself.





After a month your tank probably wasn't completely cycled yet anyway so I would just carry on with the new filter now and keep doing water tests until everything is right for your fish.





Doing a fishless cycle would have been the best idea but it's too late for that now. Only do water changes if your levels of ammonia and nitrites are too high. 10% weekly is enough for an established tank.





**
Reply:The bulk of the bacteria grows on the filter pad. It's all about surface area. The bacteria grows everywhere, but the pad is made to have an enormous surface area packed into a small space.





Taking the old filter out does NOT 'kill' the bacteria in the tank. You will be fine, as long as you don't make any other sudden changes in the tank for at least a couple weeks. Give the tank time to adjust. Don't add new fish or change the rock.





More detail on bacteria: The 'cycle' uses two different species of bacteria to convert the toxins in the water to less harmful organic material. When your fish excrete waste, certain bacteria feed on the ammonia in it. The by-product of this 'dinner' is nitrate. Nitrates are poisonous when they build up in the water, but not nearly as bad as ammonia. That's why you still have to do water changes every so often.





I have found that a 'slow but steady' approach works great on aquariums. For the first 2 months, I keep only one, hardy fish in a tank. When the cycle is ready, I add one or two fish per week until the tank is populated. I rarely lose a new fish.





Good luck.





http://freshaquarium.about.com/cs/biolog...
Reply:Dear friend





Well as far bacteria is concerned they are ubicutous, so it hardly matters that u have changed filter so useful bacteria are lost.


Anyways to set up a tank it requires approximately 1-2 week to get stablised. So even few hours is enough to get useful bacteria which can change nitrites into nitrates.


Filter is of varoius types, usually filter with bio balls have great tendency to develop microrganisms, which can further controle ammonia level in ur tank
Reply:Hi Darren, because you took your old filter out for a day the colony of good bugs in it will certainly have died if it was allowed to dry out so you may as well not bother using it at all. You need to be keeping a very close eye on your parameters-daily would be good %26amp; be prepared to do large [around 50%] partial water changes every couple of days [or as necessary] to keep potentially fatal ammonia %26amp; nitrite in check-as near to zero as you can. Don't worry, despite what many people believe the good bugs grow %26amp; live in your filter, plants, decorations %26amp; gravel NOT in the water so you will net be interfering with the growing colony doing these changes.





What I would advise caution in for a couple for weeks is vacuuming your gravel too thoroughly-let a little loose debris accumulate-not so much as to swing your ammonia %26amp; nitrite to dangerous levels or cloud your tank but enough to hasten the growth of the good bugs-typically around 6 to 8 weeks. Personally I don't use anything that is claimed to work miracles such as StressZyme although each to their own-I find the best solution to a healthy tank is as little chemical input as possible. I think as you transferred some of your old décor you will have brought some of the good bugs from your old tank %26amp; these will help 'seed' your new tank %26amp; may well keep any dangerous toxic spike down but keep a close eye on proceedings %26amp; please feel free email me if I can help further.
Reply:First off, taking out the old filter riight away was a bad move, but you know that now, and it's too late to go back.





There are some bacteria living on every surface in the tank, so you still have a small amount of biofilter in the tank.





What you need to do now is closely monitor the water and do water changes as needed to keep the ammonia and nitrite down below 1ppm untill the new filter starts working. The filter will actually cycle faster if you let the levels rise, but your fish will probably die in the meantime. Doing water changes means the cycle is going to take longer, but your fish will survive it.





Also cut back on the feeding for a while, less food means less ammonia and less stress on your fish.





If the tank is only lightly stocked the ammonia may not even rise to dangerous levels, or you may need to do 50% changes per day, depends on your tank and fish.





Whatever happens, water changes are your friend in this situation.





Ian


Bacteria on soap??

I feel stupid for asking this question, but is there bacteria on those hand soaps?


There are a lot of people with dirty hands that come home and rub their hands on those soaps.


Can this cause bacteria to be lurking around?

Bacteria on soap??
bacteria is on everything love, dont get paranoid. your body is so awesome at getting rid of harmul microbes and stopping them from getting in that its pointless worrying. Yes their is bacteria on soap but obviously it isnt harmful in any shape or form otherwise there would be huge outbreaks of soap related illnesses
Reply:no
Reply:Soap in only a deodorant.
Reply:Bacteria can become resistant to soap, but it is unlikely that many bacteria would be living on the soap itself. Remember bacteria need a food medium to grow and soap is generally a non-nutritious and inhospitable environment for microbes.
Reply:if u findout theres huge amounts of bacteria on soap are you going to stop washing your hands?


i really doubt that any leftover bacteria on the soap will endup affecting u in any way
Reply:Yes, it's mentioned a lot in advertisements and in the news actually. Bar soaps harbour bacteria, even though it is soap. The pump soaps do also, but after you touch the pump you're cleaning your hands off with the soap...so it's not as bad as the bar soaps.





Think of it as baths and showers...in a bath your sitting in your recycled filth. With a bar of soap your rubbing dirt and germs all over the soap again. In a shower the germs get washed away. When you use pump soap, you touch the germs...but wash them away.
Reply:Soap kills bacteria, that's how it works. If soap staying on your hands for ten seconds while you wash them is enough to kill bacteria, bacteria definitely won't survive sitting on a bar of soap all day.





You're safe.
Reply:Ok, please listen: If you have neutropenia please use a mild soap not the antibacterial stuff...Otherwise enjoy the soap whether it is bar or pump.
Reply:you cant get rid of bacteria even if you lock yourself in a vacuum chamber(not that it would make a difference just throwing that out there). You have more bacteria in your mouth than on your hands that's just how it is. unless its antibacterial soap it might i don't know but antibacterial soap usually comes in a dispencer bottle.


Bacteria in water?

what kinds of bacteria are found in faucet water?





what about bottled water?





what about river/creek water?





basically, i need about 2 to 3 different variables of water and i need a resource telling what kind of bacteria are found in that water. i'll be doing a further research on these bacterias. thank you in advance.

Bacteria in water?
Sorry i can't help you straight away, but i find Google helps?
Reply:E coli is a common bacteria found in river/creek and faucet water. Other variables can include silt, arsenic (wells are often contaminated with arsenic) and fertilizers that are sprayed on the soil, which seep down into the water table. Not all contaminants are bacterial.

paper bush

Bacteria+humans=lethal?

There are plenty of bacteria in our bodies but someone told me today that there are some that are actually lethal to humans. My question is where are these bacteria (in the human body) found. And how come they stay there without actually killing us? Why are they there and what purpose they serve (if any)?

Bacteria+humans=lethal?
YES..there are bacteria in the body that are normally there..thus called normal flora. They don't cause any problem UNLESS they increase in number that is no longer okay for the body or they are transferred to a different area that is not their usual habitat. For example, Escherichia coli, a bacteri that is normal in the colon and intestines,it helps a lot in degradation of our wastes (stool). If they are transferred to vagina for instance.. they will be harmful because that is not their place. Thus causing the Urinary tract infection. Lactobacillus is supposed to be living the vaginal area and not E. coli. One more is the Staphlococcus epidermidis which is a normal flora of the skin. But once it has invaded the blood and other sterile fluids of the body (sterile means there MUST be no microorganisms coming outside the body)..and these bacteria increased in number,,thus causing Septicemia which is so fatal in can kill. Hope this helps. God bless!
Reply:E. Coli is in the digestive tract in Humans. It's also possibly lethal when ingested from contaminated meat. I believe there are differing strains so it's not as simple as you might think.





Think of it this way. Too much of a good thing is bad.
Reply:e-coli aids in digestion and is found in your digestive tract. It can also be deadly if it's found in your Jack-In-The-Box. ;)





Just like hydrochloric acid is naturally found in your stomach, but is not so good when you put it in your eyes, I wouldn't worry about it killing you from the inside out because the chances of that happening aren't that great.
Reply:there is bacteria in your body that is actually good





do some research and you might find more
Reply:its impossible to live with out bacteria, but it can hurt us to live with it too... you decide
Reply:Each bacteria (the safe ones that live in you) can kill you if they move to another area. If the bacteria that digests your food gets into your blood stream, they will kill you.





The reason that we have bacteria in us is to break down food. Our bodies can't digest food directly. What we absorb is bacteria ****. I know that there are others, but I'm not sure where or what they do.
Reply:Most of the harmful bacteria are in the gut. As long as they stay there, no problem, but if they enter the blood stream they can attack organs that have no built in defense to the little critters. For instance there is a type of bacteria that lives in our mouths that causes no problems there but during dental procedures they can enter the blood stream and the immune system has to deal with them. This can be especially dangerous to someone with a damaged or repaired heart as they tend to colonize the heart valves. Often with fatal results. Fortunately a course of antibiotics prior to the dental work solves the problem.





That is just one example, I'm sure there are many more.


Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria???

i have to do a project for my science class and i don't know anything about this bacteria nor can i find anything about it, streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, does anyone know where i can find ANY information about this bacteria??

Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria???
there is a pic on this page... http://kepler.uag.mx/uagwbt/microbiologi...


also try google image search... there are tons of pics out there...
Reply:have you tried wiki or google?





I type "streptococcus pyogenes" into wikipedia and get a whole page on the critter.





If your teacher doesn't like wikipedia (and some don't cos the information content can vary if people edit the page) then look at the links down the bottom of the wiki page and use them.





Then I type it into google - there's a TON of web pages out there.





You mustn't have looked very hard not to have tried a search engine or wikipedia!


Bacteria strains?

i was just taught that a lab person knows what kind of bacteria certain bacteria are by looking at the shape...is this true. and if it is, then how are different strains identified? Is it a different strain by its location on the body? obviously i do not know much, so the more information, the more i would enjoy to read the answer. thank you

Bacteria strains?
There are actually two answers to your question ....





Since humans around the world generally make good hosts for bacteria, you will find the same general bacteria in the environment. Working with samples taken from cleanrooms, I have learned that certain morphologies indicate different genera of bacteria. For example ....





-- If I look at a TSA plate used for air sampling and see a bright yellow, large, domed, dull bacteria colony with an entire margin, I would bet it is a Micrococcus ....





-- If I look at the same TSA plate and see a small, white to off-white, glossy, flat topped, entire margin colony, I would state it is most likely a Staphylococcus .....





There are many other bacteria you learn to recognize by sight .... Bacillus species grow certain ways that are very easy to recognize, Staphylococcus tend to be small and 'white', Gram negatives look watery .......





The second part of your question involves the Gram stain. Some bacteria, as you may know, are just there ... nothing too special about them. But, if you showed me slide of an isolate taken from a water sample that has Gram variable cocco-bacillus in 'V' forms .... I would say it is most likely a Coryneform.





Ultimately, it is just being familar with bacteria and their morphologies and characteristics. Like any other job in the world, you learn the signs ...... an Ornithologist can identify a bird by its song, a Herpatologist can tell you the frog by its croak, .....





and a Microbiologist ... well ... we know our bacteria!





Please note one thing --- I don't think anyone can tell the 'strain' of a bacterium simply by looking at it. There are certain tests (i.e.: specific media, chemcial tests, etc) that can be used to isolate a specific strain ...... but most Microbiologist can tell the genus and sometimes the species. The strain must be identified!
Reply:English buddy English no habla jib-ber jab.....
Reply:bacteria come in a few basic shapes....such as rods, spheres, spirals...and they can also congregate together into certain grouping types....bunches like grapes, chains....so, a microbiologist can look at bacteria under a microscope and narrow it down to the type of bacteria under some circumstances. (see this site for pictures of the shapes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria) however, you cannot tell one strain of a particular bacteria from another this way, nor can you be totally sure about the type just by looking. when you need to know the exact type of bacteria and strain, there are many different ways of doing it---from low tech to high tech (Gram stains, plating on selective media, ELISA, PCR phenotyping).


★ questions about microbiology !!( virus , bacteria ~) PLZ !!!!?

1. What is chemosynthesis? How does it work in purple sulfur bacteria?





2. How do bacteria obtain their nutrition?





3. How do bacteria breathe?





4. What are 3 diseases caused by virus? bacteria?





5. What is the difference between lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle.





PLEASE ANSWER MY QUESTIONS T-T

★ questions about microbiology !!( virus , bacteria ~) PLZ !!!!?
1. Chemosynthesis, process in which carbohydrates are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water using chemical nutrients as the energy source, rather than the sunlight used for energy in photosynthesis. Purple bacteria use energy from the sun but extract electrons from substances other than water, and therefore release no oxygen.





2. Bacteria breathe through a process called photosynthesis





3. Breathe through a process called " Glycolysis "





4. Diseases caused by virus include: AIDS, Polio, Rabies, Influenza, and colds. Diseases caused by bacteria include: Tuberculosis, Diptheria, Syphilis, Bubonic Plague, Typhus, Tetanus, Cholera, Typhoid, Leprosy, Lyme Disease





5. During a lytic cycle, the bacteriophage uses the replicative machinery of the bacterial cell to make many copies of its viral genome and to produce structural proteins of the phage head and tail. After phage DNA genomes are packaged into phage particles, the cell lyses (ruptures), releasing progeny phage capable of infecting other bacteria.





During a lysogenic cycle, the phage's DNA is inserted into the circular bacterial chromosome. The viral genome remains dormant in the bacterial chromosome, being replicated and passed to progeny bacteria along with host DNA sequences. When an appropriate extracelluar signal (e.g. environmental stress, UV light) impacts the bacterium, the viral plasmid genome is excised from the bacterial chromosome, and the phage initiates a typical lytic cycle.

daphne

How does bacteria cause pain?

I just got strep throat....again..... and I was just curious, why is it so painful if it's just some little microscopic bacteria?? How can something so small physically affect my entire throat? I know pain is built into us to let us know when something is wrong, injury, infection, etc. but is the pain from strep bacteria from my body telling me it's infected or is the bacteria itself causing pain by attacking/excretion/poison/etc??? same thing with any type of infection, it's always more painful when infected..... why?

How does bacteria cause pain?
JONATHAN,





BACTERIA CAUSE INFLAMMATION AND THIS IS WHAT CAUSES THE PAIN.


BACTERIA IN AND OF THEMSELVES DO VERY LITTLE , IF ANYTHING, BUT THEIR BY-PRODUCTS CAUSE DRASTIC CHANGES TO THE TISSUES THAT ARE INFECTED.


THE NERVES THAT ARE WITHIN THOSE TISSUES HAVE SEVERE REACTIONS TO THE CHEMICAL BY-PRODUCTS AND AS A RESULT YOU FEEL PAIN.
Reply:because when it's infected, it involves your body's immune response. Cell mediated response and vascular response will take place causing inflammation and your blood vessels to be more permeable causing swelling (edema). Your throat would also heat up and hurt as a result of this infection


Bacteria found in my urine - could it be an std??

I had gone to the doctor to get my hormone levels checked and talk to my doctor about irregular periods (every 3-4 months) and i had given them a urine sample.





the results came back that there was "unknown" bacteria found in my urine, so i was to get a culture and sensitivity test done at the health center at school.





i am overweight, and the tops of my legs rub together, making it sweat in my vaginal area, which might have contributed to the bacteria? i'm scared and just hoping i dont have an std or something. i've never had a UTI before and i'm not experiencing burning or itching...so what could it be??? please help!

Bacteria found in my urine - could it be an std??
It could be an STI like chlamydia, but it is more likely either a UTI (mild ones can have no symptoms) or some bacterial contamination. If you start peeing straight into a cup, you can get some bacteria from your vagina rinsed by the urine into a cup- that is why most urine samples are supposed to be mid-stream ones.





As for your irregular periods, if you are overweight that is most likely the cause. Fat cells can produce their own oestrogen, which screws up your cycle. If you want to get your periods back on track, you need to slim down to normal weight.
Reply:no, it could be anythibg in your digestive system
Reply:if the doctor isnt sure i doubt anyone on here will know!
Reply:U have "normal flora" in your urinary tract and vagina. It basically means bacteria that is normal to your body. There are times (like yeast infections) when an introduced bacteria takes over and outnumbers the normal bacteria. A culture and sensitivity will tell what kind of bacteria it is and what antibiotics, if any are needed.





The sweat in the vaginal area will lead to bacterial overgrowth which could have contributed. It is very important to keep the area clean. U can always, during the day, keep antibacterial wipes to clean after toileting once or twice a day. And never douche as this can kill out the normal bacteria and leave way for the bad bacteria to take over.. cleanliness will keep your flora in check... and drink lots of water... hope this helps!
Reply:I think you're getting all upset over nothing. They're just checking to be safe. They could be found liable if they neglected to do so and there was a problem. They just can't ignore it and pretend like it just doesn't matter.


I think your attempt to rationalize and diagnose yourself has spooked you. I think it is highly unlikely you have an STD. If you had a UTI, it's not the end of the world and it passes very quickly. If you had one you'd know it and that seems unlikely too. Now, calm down. You're probably fine as far as all these conditions are concerned.


Are you getting defensive about being overweight? Why is it suddenly a form of a socially transmitted disease? Have you ever tried to get your weight down? Would it be as bad as all that? It could be the best thing that ever happened to you. You just never know about these things. Try looking at it positively, you might like it and might be a great idea. If you got your period regularly like your supposed to, would you now think that that is so awful? If you got a lot of attention from the boys and you got a date, would you now think it was so bad after all?


This could be the best thing to happen to you. . . . . You never know. . . .
Reply:I'm sorry that sounds awful , you know what you can do , and it wouldn't hurt at all , go to the health food store get something to clean out your Urinary track ,I don't know what the product is called but ,they do have it , I've seen it before because I do interal cleanses a few times a year .That will clear up any problem you have ..good luck
Reply:You can have a UTI without having burning and pain.It's called asymptomatic UTI.A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection that affects any part of the urinary tract. Although urine contains a variety of fluids, salts, and waste products, it usually does not have bacteria in it.When bacteria get into the bladder or kidney and multiply in the urine, they cause a UTI. The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often called cystitis. Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, known as pyelonephritis, and is much more serious. Although they cause discomfort, urinary tract infections are usually quickly and easily treated by seeing a doctor promptly.
Reply:u more than likely have a kidney infection and if u are not sexually active u have no problem worrying about std's and all that associates with it... I had the same problem u did too but it was from my kidneys , just follow thru with the doctors and it will all work out for u i promise...
Reply:if you never had it (sex), then you don't have STD. if you had it, then you might. i think the sweat might have contributed to the bacteria.


Question about bacteria and high salt intake?

I am curious to know if anyone knows of any research works done about the high intake of NACL and the effect it may have on certain bacteria types in the human body, given that most bacteria cannot grow in hypertonic solutions. If one person has more sodium in there diet than another, are they less at risk for infection because of their sodium intake? Have there been any studies done to give a high dose of sodium to kill bacteria in a eukarotic system? (that is without upsetting the host to the point of death or serious unreversible complications.)


Recently I have asked many friends, peers, family, clients how much salt they take in and how much they are sick. I myself take a lot of salt in and I hadn't had any kind of bacterial infection in over 12 years. I have heard very similar results from over 75 percent of the people I ask.

Question about bacteria and high salt intake?
Theonly possible effect it could have is on urinary tract infections. The human body itself mainatains a constant salt balance regardless of dietary salt intake.
Reply:take it in, and throw out via sperm
Reply:itll make u die in 5 seconds
Reply:This high salt diet idea does not work. All cells die in hypertonic solutions. If you ate enough salt to kill the bacteria in your body, your body cells would die too. If you do not consume enough salt to kill your own body cells, the bacteria cells would not die. No matter how much salt you add to your diet underneath the lethal limit, it will have no effect on the bacteria in your body.
Reply:I don't believe that the two observations "high salt intake and low rate of bacterial infections" are even remotely related. in fact a high salt intake can be dangerous. Normal intake should be 100 MEq/day. Older patients should even reduce this amount.
Reply:Don't cells maintain a 95% water 5%salt balance, about? If a person eats more salt it would cause dehydration throwing off homeostasis. the body would react and it's reaction would allow easier access for infections because the imbalance would make the body weak. It is possible thought that the iodine content in salt may have some affect on minimizing infection. It prevents the thyroid from swelling so maybe it has other properties.
Reply:When you ingest various compounds, including salt, your digestive system regulates how much of it enters your system and is absorbed. Your body also knows that to maintain optimal function it MUST maintain both sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) ion levels very carefully in your circulation, in your extracellular fluid and in your intracellular space. The amount of salt that you would have to eat in order to raise your internal sodium levels would be quite high and it is still likely that you would not have any impact on bacteria other than in your stomach. Unfortunately it would also likely lead to you getting severely ill. However, your body also is quite clever and knows that if you get too much sodium in your system (hypernatremia) it will do something else to you, it will make you thirsty.





And just for fun, since bacteria are so good at adapting to harsh environments, remember this, there are types of bacteria (Halobacterium halobium for one) that actually grow on crystallized salt! If you can identify an environment you will probably identify a bacterium.
Reply:A high-salt diet in humans and experimental animals is known to cause gastritis, has been associated with a high risk of atrophic gastritis, and is considered a gastric tumor promoter. In laboratory rodents, salt is known to cause gastritis, and when coadministered, it promotes the carcinogenic effects of known gastric carcinogens. Because Helicobacter pylori has been associated with a progression from gastritis to gastric cancer, we designed a study to determine whether excessive dietary NaCl would have an effect on colonization and gastritis in the mouse model of H. pylori infection. Click here to learn more.


http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/co...
Reply:Consuming large amounts of salt is like consuming poision.Whenever a person consumes alot of sodium they are at risk in getting high blood pressure.And believe it or not having high blood pressure has been known to kill people...it's not something to play around with.Everyone enjoys salt of coarse on their food but it's really not healthy.If your going to eat salt find the one that is hymallian salt...
Reply:I don't know the answer to that, but I think it makes sense. They use salt to cure foods, don't they, to keep the food from spoiling due to bacteria growth?


Bacteria in the production of cheese?

I am writting an essay on the role that bacteria has in the production of cheese. I have the body on the essay, but what points could I add in the intro and conclusion? Is bacteria essential in making cheese? And could anybody help me form a thesis statement?

Bacteria in the production of cheese?
Cheese can be made without bacteria; the basic requirement is to add something into milk that causes the suspended proteins to aggregate into clumps. These clumps are called 'curds.' The leftover liquid is called 'whey,' and it tastes nasty and I do not believe that Little Miss Muffit ever sat on a tuffet and ate whey . . .





I have made curds by adding the enzyme rennin, which was traditionally extracted from the stomachs of goats but is now commercially synthesized. The flower of a certain thistle plant will also work, as will acidifying the milk using vinegar or lemon juice or some such. None of these processes require bacteria.





Milk can also be suitably curdled by the simple expedient of leaving it in the fridge for a long time and letting the natural bacteria grow and produce lactic acid, which causes the curds to form.





Where bacteria come more into play is in the aging process. Aging is simply allowing certain bacteria and/or fungi grow over time. This is what makes the differences in flavor between a colby (young) cheese and a sharp cheddar (aged) cheese. Different bacteria and fungi produce different flavors. A good example would be the bleu cheese or English stilton. Some of the more famous ones are aged only in one particular cavern somewhere simply because that is the place where their particular species of bacteria or fungus happens to hang out.

camellia

Bacteria and virus?

What is the difference between a bacteria and a virus?... There are plenty of those around. We hear that both can cause death. Ex : The Nile virus, and the bacteria C-difficile that we can catch in hospitals. Thank you for the information.

Bacteria and virus?
A virus (Latin, poison) is a microscopic, filter passing micro-organism, parasitic within living cells, and of which many forms cause disease in human beings.


Bacteria (singular: bacterium)- A group of micro-organisms, also called 'schizomycetes'. They are typically small cells of about 1 micron in transverse diameter. Structurally they are a protoplast, containing cytoplasmic and nuclear material (not seen by ordinary methods of microscopy) within a limiting cytoplasmic membrane, and a supporting cell wall. Other structures such as flagella, fimbriae and capsules may also be present. Individual cells may be spherical, straight or curved rods, or spirals; they may form chains or masses, and some show branching with mycelium formation. They may produce various pigments including chlorophyll. Some form endospores. Reproduction is chiefly by simple binary fission. They may be free living, saprophytic or parasitic; some are pathogenic to man, animals and plants.


Please see the webpages for more details on Virus and Bacteria.
Reply:bacterial infections can usually be cured, while there are NO cures for viruses
Reply:bacterias can reproduce and make food for them selves ,they are a complete independent cellular structure but viruses are just a genetic code not a cell and can't reproduce unless the inject their genetic code inside a living cell and it will be multiplied by recruiting host cell structures and nutrients.
Reply:Bacteria are larger than viruses. Bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but viruses can not. Some viruses can be killed with anti-viral drugs.


Bacteria and plasmids question?

what are the functions of the plasmid in bacteria and why would bacteria develop the ability to move them from cell to cell?

Bacteria and plasmids question?
Plasmids are short loops of DNA with a few genes; however there are usually genes for antibiotic resistance on plasmids- real handy for a bacterium that wants to survive.


Do mast cells react with the bacteria parts released by a macrophage or by whole bacteria?

I know that mast cells react to things like Peptidoglycan and LPS that are present in bacteria during an immune response and I know that macrophages phagocytose bacteria cells and break them down. Do the bacteria go from the macrophage to the mast cell, and the mast cell recognizes the broken bits from the macrophage or do the bacteria react straight with the mast cell as whole bacterium?

Do mast cells react with the bacteria parts released by a macrophage or by whole bacteria?
Most of the time mast cells are discussed in the context of IgE-mediated response to antigen which is an entirely different pathway than macrophage activity as an antigen presenting cell (as in presentation to T-lymphocytes).





When talking about peptidoglycan and LPS, these molecules can stimulate innate immune response through toll-like receptors [TLRs]. TLRs are present on phagocytic cells incl. macrophages which signal transcription factors for the production of cytokines %26amp; several proteins for destruction of the bacteria. If you see pp.6-7 from the website [pdf file] below, mast cells also have TLR on their surface.


- See also Robbin's Pathology pp.194-195


Scientist produced oil-eating bacteria by...a,b,c,d?

a.making bacteria polyploid


b.inbreeding bacteria


c.inducing mutations on bacteria


d.hybridizing bacteria

Scientist produced oil-eating bacteria by...a,b,c,d?
A

lady slipper

Treatment for IBS: Bad and good bacteria ignored ?

Treatment for IBS: Bad and good bacteria ignored ?





Logic should suggest that IBS is caused by bad bacteria in your intestinal system, or colon. In fact logic would suggest that these bacteria often called "parasites" can be responsible for many diseases, like Crohns, MS, Schizophrenia and Cancer.





For decades 'ulcers' were of unknown origin, and eventually it was proven that a bacteria was the cause.





I might suggest a treatment involves three components. (Do your own research using the key words 'herbal treatments for parasites}





1. Anti-parasite. (garlic cloves are the best, (ginger, etc)


2. Fiber (to cleanse)


3. Probiotics (good bacteria found in yogurt and saurerkraut)





The question is why have these simple cause and effects, and treatments been ignored.





It appears the most obvious is ignored but why ? Is there a conspiracy to withhold the most obvious ?





Treatments for IBS Link.


http://www.abeautifuldifference.com/webd...





Caesar J. B. Squitti

Treatment for IBS: Bad and good bacteria ignored ?
IBS is more often Celiac Disease misdiagnosed as IBS. IBS is a common label when doc's basically dont know what it is. Celiac is an extremely under and misdiagnosed disease that is easily treatable by gluten free diet. If everyone with IBS would go get tested for CD, I imagine the numbers of IBS would change majorly!! It would become apparent that's its truly CD.


Testing for CD is easy. Blood tests, endoscopies and the gluten free diet is easy, andonce you are diagnosed and go GF you will feel amazing. (I do not recommend going GF without doc's approval.)


1 in 133 ppl have CD. 97% of them dont know it.





Chairperson CSA support group
Reply:Isn't gluten in everything? Report It

Reply:i have severe ibs, and i can barely find anything to eat


Bacteria? help me pleaseeeeeeeee. =]?

ahhhhhhhh im so sad.


i tried growing cell phone bacteria and someone said that it needs to be dark and around 90 degress and moist. well i did that and i ended up melting my agar and made a huge mess. ahahaha its funny. but if i dont do somethin im gonna fail my science fair.





anything??? that will make my bacteria grow?

Bacteria? help me pleaseeeeeeeee. =]?
ha noooooooooo? get another petri dish and some agar
Reply:this is all i know 'bout this...


........................


........................ yeah that's it














panic at the disco has a new song out called "nine in the afternoon" have you heard it?????


What would prevent the growth of these bacteria in the LB/amp/ara broth?

Although your instructor worked quickly to transfer a sample of bacteria expressing rfp, there is a good chance that some non-rfp-expressing bacteria were transferred as well. What would prevent the growth of these bacteria in the LB/amp/ara broth? The bacteria was exposed to a recombinant DNA called pARA-R. What would prevent the growth of the non-rfp-expressing bacteria in the LB/amp/ara broth but not the rfp-expressing bacteria?

What would prevent the growth of these bacteria in the LB/amp/ara broth?
the ampicillin should kill any bacteria not expressing the recombinant DNA.


The recombinant DNA has a gene on it responsible for encoding resistance to ampicillin and other bacteria will not have this DNA or the gene and therefore will be destroyed by the amp.


How does bacteria help?

so i this report due soon about how bacteria are beneficial...and i need three topic subtopics...i already have two topics....


1. bacteria in medicine


2. bacteria in industtry


3. ???


is there another thing that bacteriaa help with?

How does bacteria help?
Recombinant DNA technology


Bioremediation and removal of xenobiotics
Reply:Bacteria helps keep fish tanks clean and makes vitamins in your intestinal track, they also makes your immune system stronger.
Reply:Bacteria are useful in decaying dead tissue like road pizza
Reply:Bacteria are essential in foods such as cheese, and cultured dairy products.





Also, decomposers are important to our environment.
Reply:Normal flora, which refers to the bacteria that naturally reside on our bodies. There are many different types of bacteria that benefit us everyday. There are ones that produces certain vitamins that we would otherwise not recieve. But there are also ones that are harmful, like the ones that cause tooth decay. However, either way they are part of your bodies. Some are beneficial and some are harmful.

dendrobium

Bacteria in water?

what kinds of bacteria are found in faucet water?





what about bottled water?





what about river/creek water?





basically, i need about 2 to 3 different variables of water and i need a resource telling what kind of bacteria are found in that water. i'll be doing a further research on these bacterias. thank you in advance.

Bacteria in water?
in my job we do water quality testing on well water and swimming pools for public health purposes. first, you want to know if coliforms are present, as these are indicative of the presence of gram negative bacteria that are found in the colon. the presence of E. coli, specifically, is indicative of fecal contamination by a mammalian source (i.e. human). i hope this points you in the right direction.
Reply:The type of bacteria is methsnel though it's not dangerous unless there's alot of them


If you want to find a bacteria that fills a role, can you set up a trap to find it?(look at the details)?

description:


I have read of a few different classifications of bacteria and I realize that many classifications of bacteria are not in the common record. With that fact, i want to see if I can grow a bacteria by


For example, say i want a bacteria that metabolizes sugar. If I put sugar in a container , solid container with a solid long and thin spout, and i heated the container at the bottom and waited.


would a bacteria form that is thermaphillic that metabolizes sugar and is aerobic(the heat at the bottom, the sugar, and the air spout)? if so,how long might it take?if not,please explain why?





I hope I have clarified my desires.I recognize this could be confusing.

If you want to find a bacteria that fills a role, can you set up a trap to find it?(look at the details)?
Since most bacteria metabolize sugar and are aerobic, any bacteria in the air can settle into your trap unless it is so hot it fries them. however, thermophiles are very specific organisms which are not usually found just anywhere. if you want thermophiles you need to go to a geyser or volcano to collect them and even then, i am not sure they will survive in your trap.


Questions about bacteria and viruses?

1. Bacteria play a very important part in the biosphere. Basically, we could not live with out them. Anyone know three ways bacteria are helpful to humans.





2. Anyone know two ways bacteria and viruses are alike and two ways they are different.

Questions about bacteria and viruses?
1) Bacteria help fix nitrogen. Google the nitrogen cycle to further understand about it. They also aide in digestion of semi used organic compounds that our body otherwise would not be able to use, this bacteria are known as Gut Flora. Bacteria help curve off human population. Its a horrible way to look at it, but without Bacteria our numbers would be much larger.





2) Bacteria and Viruses are both covered in some sort of membrane. Bacteria and Viruses both contain RNA or DNA. (For Bacteria it's both).





Differences: Bacteria can be autotrophs, meaning they can make their own energy from sunlight, chemotrophs, meaning they get their energy from inorganic chemicals, or heterotrophs, meaning they get their energy from the breakdown of organic compounds. Viruses, however, are obligated parasites, they require a host to sustain themselves.





Bacteria Chromosomes are much larger than Viral chromosomes. And Viruses (Phage) are usually smaller than their prey bacteria.





Also, to the person that said there is no good virus, you obviously don't like breathing. Every 20th breath you take is thanks to a cyanophage.





Hope this helps.
Reply:google it... bacteria are good to humans this way: they are in our body (intestines) they are "good bacteria" google it or go to webmd.com
Reply:1. digestion, vitaminK production, decomposition of dead things, salt rising bread, saurkraut,


getting nitrogen out of the air for plants , then for us,





2.
Reply:1. a. Decomposition


b. they allow for digestion


c. allow for cheese to be made!!!





2. Bacteria can be killed, viruses cannot. There is a cure for a bacterial disease (Chlamydia), there is no cure for a viral disease (AIDS). And some types of bacteria are helpful and vital to humans. No virus is good.


Bacteria infections? anything natural to cure them?more below?

my best friend told me she has had a bacteria infection since she had her baby 15 months ago, she's been to the DR. a few times they keep giving her a cream and its not working. she still has all the signs pain up her side and pain during sex. is there anything natural to treat a bacteria infection? please help she's always complaining about it

Bacteria infections? anything natural to cure them?more below?
Bacterial infections can be treated with GSE (Grapefruit Seed Extract). We do it all the time here since my son is allergic to antibiotics. If topical, use liquid GSE 10 drops in 6 oz of water, gargle, use as drops for ear, or other locations. We administer much like antibiotic prescription would be every 4-6 hours, and for 24 hours at least after infection is gone.





Since she is using a cream, I assume the topical would be best way. I like that the liquid addresses the exact location. Do not use GSE undiluted, it is strong. Rinsing is sufficient. My son just gargles for a sore throat. No need for it to sit on the area for an extended period.





Increase intake of good bacteria when using any antibiotic or antibacterial. They will kill all bacteria and don't know the difference. So, either yogurt daily, or easier is a probiotic pill taken 15 minutes before the morning meal and 2 hours away from antibacterial or antibiotic. (Probiotic = acidophilus combo - we use Natural Factors brand)





Ignore the MD troll. He hates alternative med and has some alter egos who should show up shortly to give him thumbs up. GSE is very potent and works fast and effectively without the harm of pharmaceuticals. It has a proven track history that our troll just hates - cause it takes money out of his pocket.





We've used it at our house safely BECAUSE my son is allergic to prescription antibiotics. We HAD to find something that was an alternative that works - that is GSE%26gt;
Reply:umm not sure...but that is not normal...she should change doctors maybe it is something else that the doctor is not picking up. no one should have an infection for that long....
Reply:Perhaps Aloe Vera.
Reply:Sovereign Silver will kill any bacteria/fungi infection.

broadleaf

What is the best disinfectant to use on bacteria?

I'm doing a project on agar and how bacteria forms on it for a science fair, and its pretty much just finding places with bacteria, taking some bacteria with a q-tip and putting it on the agar to grow. But what i want to know is what is the best disinfectant or or product to clean the bacteria. Keep it simple please.

What is the best disinfectant to use on bacteria?
I assume that when you say "clean the bacteria" you mean how do you kill the bacteria, right?





A couple of things work on almost all living cells: common household bleach kills pretty much everything alive, as does ammonia (DO NOT MIX bleach and ammonia -- it creates a seriously toxic gas).
Reply:bleach, ammonia, ethanol, Lysol (use only one)
Reply:Iodine is a disinfectant used for cleaning wounds. It has the advantage of being relatively harmless and long-acting.





Bleach is used in many household cleaning. Cheap but harmful in contact with human skin.





70% alcohol is used for a variety of purposes to disinfect skin, utensils and surfaces. Cheap but short-acting, and tends to dehydrate the skin with frequent contact.





Chlorhexidine is used in many anti-bacterial hand washes and often used to scrub skin surfaces before surgery. it's long-acting and expensive, and works better on gram-positive bacteria.





Formaldehyde is often used as a fumigant to disinfect rooms or some other enclosed space. It kills everything, but is extremely harmful when inhaled or contacted with skin.





Hot water is often used as a disinfectant in restaurants and butcher shops to clean knives and other utensils. Hot water has the advantage of being just water, therefore could be ingested without the food tasting weird or making people sick.





Calcium oxide, or quicklime, is still used sometimes on pig farms because it is cheap.





Antibiotics are not usually considered disinfectants, but some hospitals add them to the saline used during surgery to keep tissues hydrated. *Very* expensive compared to all the others mentioned above, but they have the distinct advantage of being able to be injected into the human body without too much adverse effects.





Other ways of disinfecting includes autoclaving (121C 30min), UV rays, and irradiation.


Severe bacteria infection??

I've had a severe bacteria infection for about 3 months now. I'm 7 weeks pregnant and i had it even before if ound out i was pregnant. I took some meds before i found out and then they prescribed me levquin iwasnt able to keep taking it due to the fact i found out i was pregnant. My ob.gyn is saying ic ant take any medicine right now for my bacteria infection just drink lots of water and eat yogurt and try to refrain from sex. Is that right tho?? can they not give me anything for it and how long will it take before they can? what's the effects of long term having an bacteria infection whle being pregnant? thank you

Severe bacteria infection??
No, if it is a bacterial infection, you need to be on an antibiotic. Infection leads to preterm labor.
Reply:It depends on the type of bacterial infection. Your Dr. will most likely put you back on a mild antibiotic in a couple weeks. You can almost guarantee a yeast infection while taking the antibiotics. Very common during pregnancy. After week 8 the risk of miscarriage is greatly reduced. Some bacterias won't even affect the baby where as the antibiotics will. So trust your Dr. and if you really don't get a second opinion and find a new OB/GYN.
Reply:Your OB/GYN wouldnt have you do anything that isnt safe for you and or baby.
Reply:It depends on what kind of infection, do you mean a yeast infection? That kind of infection is a fungus and isnt cured by antibiotics. The medicine for it is taken vaginally. If you are not sure what is going on, you need to see someone who will be sure of what is going on with your body.





If there is a chance you just don't understand what the doctor said, call and get him/her or the nurse to help settle this issue. It is vitally important for you and your baby!!!
Reply:That's absolutely ridiculous that they have no other options for you. They can give you antibiotics that's safe during pregnancy to treat that. It is absolutely necessary that you get that treated. I have known plenty of women that have had bacterial infections during their pregnancy and they have all gotten it treated. I suggest you change doctor's if they continue telling you they cannot help. I will tell you right now that water, yougurt, and no sex is not going to do anything at all!!!!!!.


A culture of bacteria obeys the law of uninhibited growth. If 500 bacteria are present -see below for question

A culture of bacteria obeys the law of uninhibited growth. If 500 bacteria are present initial¬ly and there are 800 after 1 hour, how many will be pre¬sent in the culture after 5 hours? How long is it until there are 20,000 bacteria?

A culture of bacteria obeys the law of uninhibited growth. If 500 bacteria are present -see below for question
Okay, letting n be hours, f be final and i be initial, then


f=ip^n with be p being percent growth.


So, 800=500p^1.


SO, 800/500=p.


So, f=500(8/5)^5 = 5242.88.





Now 20000=500(8/5)^n.


So, 40=(8/5)^n.


So, log40=n*log(8/5),


or log40/log(8/5)= n = 7.8486 hours approximately.


Any bacteria that use to reduce smell?

can any one provide me with the relevant links or personal information about


1.what type bacteria have the ability in reducing smell?


2.how bacteria reduce smell?


3.the bacteria that able to reduce smell in what environment and can stay for how long?

Any bacteria that use to reduce smell?
As far as i know thats relevant in some way is the Sulfate-reducing bacteria, which is a group of bacterias that cause various smells, such as rotten egg, and several smells of solvents, which are categorized into families, Desulfobacterales, Desulfovibrionales, Syntrophobacterales, and thermophiles.


Ways to control them is bacterial inhibition, by the usual methods of temperature, ph...





hope it was help if any...in someway..

night jasmine

What bacteria are causing sinusitis?

particular name of bacteria (ex. bordetella pertussis)

What bacteria are causing sinusitis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis





S. aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and anaerobes


Getting bacteria from your local fish store?

will petsmart give me bacteria so i can start seeing some nitrites in my tank? if they wont, ill try my local fish store that isnt a big branch, but what exactly do i do with the stuff they give me? what do i ask for? lol

Getting bacteria from your local fish store?
they'd probably give you a handful of gravel... just mix this in with the gravel you have and your tank should start cycling (if you have an ammonia source)





please fishless cycle...


www.fishlesscycling.com
Reply:If you go to Petsmart or a similar large chain store, they will probably convince you to BUY something off their shelves rather than GIVE you anything.





I've seen some stores that sell cupfuls of gravel from their tanks. You'd use this to "seed" your tank. I can't recall what the price tag on a cupful of used gravel was, but it's a thought. I've also heard of (but never personally seen) stores that simply give used media, gravel, or other material to help get tanks cycling.





It's actually a lot easier to just get something used from a friend or neighbor who keeps fish and practice patience. Lots and lots of patience.
Reply:I wouldn't trust petsmart or other chain stores tanks are usually riddled with diseases, and like someone mentioned, they'll try to get you to buy the bacteria in a bottle crap off the shelves....don't do it. Best bet is a family member or a friend with an established DISEASE FREE tank, and use some filter squeezings. You may be ok with a trusted small mom and pop type of pet store, I'd just make sure they are familiar with fish, and know what they're talking about. They'll be more likely to have tanks that are disease free then a chain store......but I'd still be hesitant.
Reply:why are you buying bacteria? is your tank new if so just toss in 1-2 bigginer fish, and let your tank cycle on its own for 6-8 weeks you don't need that liquid bacteria crap, infact I don't belive in adding any chemicals to your aquarium (except water conditioner). If you have a new tank, fill with water, treat the water for chlorin using water conditioner, add 1-2 begginer fish, these guys will start the cycling of good bacteria and will safely and naturaly build up the nitrites on there own without the addition of chemicals, a begginer tank takes 6-8 weeks to build up enough of the proper bacteria you need to sustain life, in that 8 weeks you should still change a portion of the water about 15%-20% every week, adding nothing but water conditioner to the replacement water, you will find that with the two begginer fish in your tank for that 6-8 week period your tank should build up enough bood bacteria that everything will be fine, have patience, a good aquarium takes time to build, as soon as you try to speed things up by adding cycle or what ever your asking for trouble, good luck and always do lots of research first!
Reply:why would you want to get more nitrates in your tank? I'm always trying to get rid of them! I'm sure they wouldn't mind sharing the wealth or dirty water... what ever you want to call it. You could always buy a fish and they won't even know your in it for the free nitrates. haha. But make sure none of the fish at petsmart are sick or you could be getting more than you bargained for. Good Luck with your aquarium!
Reply:The bacteria you get should be placed in your filter. Even if they give you gravel from one of their tanks, you should still put this in your filter, where it will be much more affective than just hanging it in the water or mixing it with your gravel. If your filter doesn't hold enough extra media, then hanging it near the water flow of your filter is the next best bet.





Don't worry too much about the source. If you would by your fish from a place, there's no reason why you wouldn't take their filter media or gravel. If you wouldn't buy your fish there, don't take the media from their.





Get as much as you can - if you get enough you won't even see nitrites in your tank because the tank will just cycle over night. If you need to buy it, buy it - just don't let them charge you too much. Any fish store worth anything will give you some though, so maybe try to find an independent shop.
Reply:The best off the shelf bacteria you can get for your aquarium is "Cycle". Pretty much every pet store carries that brand. I would not use any bacteria that has been sitting around for a while, such as water/gravel as it may contain disease.
Reply:You will be fine.......





1. SeaChem Stability and Bio Spira work. I mean really really work. I have fully cycled 2 tanks in less than 7 days with fish on stability. It holds all 3 levels bacteria and doesn't activate till its hits the water that hold fish. It would fix your problem in less than a week) A small bottle is 8 bucks. Your tank is having a hard time developing the final classes of bacteria.


the Stuff called cycle is useless, 90% of the time your buying a bottle of dead bacteria. Underfeed your fish or scoop out all uneaten food is really important with the problems your having.





2. Bacteria multiply based on there numbers thats why cycling can take a while as 2 goes to 4 etc. in a 6 week cycle 90% happens in the last 10 days. gravel will work but will take a long time as 5% of your tanks bacteria live there. another 5% on the wall and %% in the ornaments 85% on the filter sponge and bio media so a small amount of gravel will work but in time.





Find yourself a oowie goowie piece of filter sponge (gooey like with filter mud on it). its doesn't have to be that gooey but more mud the better if you can. doesn't matter where from. the problem with the pet store isn't the sponge just the water it is in as it may have spores ready to react to stressed fish in your tank thats all.





It will hold millions of bacteria. 2x2x3 inch piece of sponge will cycle a tank10 adult fish in it overnight (in fact cycling doesn't even apply here) it hits the tank and multiply to support the whole tank easly especially with the help from the stability. load up your filter witht he gooey sponge [plus add another add the stability (I like sponges over ceramics and your problem will be gone in days.. If you think you have enuff bio media know just add the stability as direcected. look it up online Seachem is the King of Aquariums.








The best water conditioner on the market is SeaChem Prime





The fish are gasping due to lack of oxygen





And you can't cycle a tank with 2 teenie fish





And there hiding because those fish only feel safe in numbers of 4 and up
Reply:I work at a Petsmart and whenever I buy fish from the store, I don't even put the water in my tanks, I net the fish out. As well as the gravel, I am sure almost every Petsmart has been hit by ICH, so I wouldn't trust the gravel.
Reply:Another user emailed me this link and requested that I try to help out.





What is your ammonia level? And what chemicals do you use in your tank (water conditioners, medications, etc. - brand names too if possible).





Also, have you tried having your water tested by another source? The answer may be as simple as bad test strips or chemicals - it wouldn't hurt for you to get a confirmation of your results.





Do you know if your water provider (if you're on a public water supply) uses chlorine or chloramine to treat the water?





ADDITION: I haven't seen any response, so I'm going to try to elaborate on what I've asked.





1) If you're using any type of chemicals to bind ammonia or nitrite, these can give you false readings - the ammonia won't be in a form that can hurt your fish, but it will still show up on your water tests. It can also interfere with the establishment of tank bacteria, despite the manufacturer's claims. It can also become "used up" by ammonia that's present, and additional ammonia will then exist in the unbound form which is toxic to the fish - and the tests won't distinguish between these forms. My advice - stop using any product that claims to bind or neutralize ammonia or nitrite, and rid your tank of them by a few large water changes - then you'll see what the actual ammonia level is: http://www.firsttankguide.net/ammonia-re...





2) If your water provider treats the water using chloramine, and your water conditioner only treat chlorine, or it's one that "breaks the chloramine bond", chloramine is a molecule formed by the combination of chlorine and ammonia. Either treatment breaks the molecule into its two parts, so this could be your ammonia source. You might need to switch what water conditioner you're using. Contact your water provider to find out what is used to treat your water supply: http://www.thetropicaltank.co.uk/chlor.h... (also, have you check the water source to make sure it's not the source of your ammonia?).








ADDITION 2: Aha! I see we overlapped additions - the problem may be your water conditioner. If you read the label, it's one of the "breaks the chloramine bond" types and also is an ammonia neutralizer: http://www.petguys.com/-046798162130.htm... Try using a different water conditioner that just neutralizes or eliminates chloramine (if that's how your local water is treated) or one that just treats chlorine. After a few water changes to remove the old conditioner from your tank, your water tests should show a better value. BTW, if your ammonia was 8.0ppm, your fish would most likely be dead. Check this link on the symptoms of ammonia and nitrite poisoning - since the bacteria will need to adjust to not having the ammonia bound, you'll probably see some "real" ammonia and finally get some nitrite: http://freshaquarium.about.com/cs/diseas...


http://freshaquarium.about.com/cs/diseas...





Try to keep the levels of both under 0.5 ppm by doing water changes once you get the old conditioner out and start a new one that gives you clear results of what's in your tank.





The current conditioner only makes your water safe as long as it's not "used up" by the ammonia that's present. Once it is, the "unsafe" ammonia forms, and you won't see any difference with your water tests - both will show up as the same thing. You'll only know that it's at an unsafe level when your fish start showing symptoms of ammonia/nitrite poisoning or start to die.


In bacteria, what role does the pili play?

In bacteria, what role does the pili play?

In bacteria, what role does the pili play?
The pili allows for mobility, sort of a "twitching" motion, in bacteria. It also functions in congugation to transmit genetic material.
Reply:Pili connect the bacterium to another of its species, or to another bacterium of a different species, and build a bridge between the cytoplasms of either cell. That enables the transfer of plasmids between the bacteria. An exchanged plasmid can add new functions to a bacterium, e.g., an antibiotic resistance.


Why are people so worried about bacteria?

I mean we've lived with them for millions of years and we havn't gone extinct yet. The bacteria aren't as harmful as the media makes them look. And if we try to sanitize everything that just makes the bacteria problem worse because then we don't build up an immunity to them and they build up an immunity to out antibacterial cleaners. Yes we should sanitize some things like doctors before they go into surgury or if we are extreamly dirty. But we also need bacteria, even harmful bacteria, because e-coli helps us digest our food, and harmful bacteria makes us stronger. So all I'm saying is people don't have to worry about bacteria so much, we've lived with them for millions of years.

Why are people so worried about bacteria?
true all of it! BUT





in the near future when global warming begins to really set in, bacteria and mosquitos and the like will begin festering even moreso and end up bringing more sickness and bad times





so whats wrong in a little preservation now while we still can





edit: the bacteria im talking about is not something humans could ever adapt to without experiencing massive losses of population it is better to be guarded against it at a certain point, maybe not now, but when the heat starts up we'll have no choice, but its more of a lose/lose situation that humans are going to have to face sooner or later
Reply:In simple terms, bacteria makes people sick when they invade the body in numbers too great to be defeated by the immune system, and sometimes kills people for no good reason. Just because there hasn't been an epidemic like the bubonic plague recently doesn't mean bacteria are all good. Have a nice day. :-)
Reply:Some of your statements are incorrect, but your question seems well put. If you haven't had the opportunity to have a staph infection with a antibiotic-resistant strain, try it, and I think you will sing a different song. Or be unfortunate enough to get the resistant TB, or wait for some new outbreak of a disease like the Plague ( with 30 to 80 percent mortality.) What you say may be true for mankind as a group unit, but is not true for individuals.
Reply:People use antibacterial soap and abuse antibiotics (take them when they don't need them) because they don't realize the implications. You study biology, so you know why bacteria can be helpful and how our bodies prevent infection. But most people are afraid of dying, and a few doctors just want to get whining patients out of the office. . .you know the deal.





It's not true that we, as a species, have lived with bacteria for millions of years. However, we did evolve with them already in the environment. We wouldn't be here if we hadn't evolved an effective protective barrier against infection. I think people today are more aware of and consequently afraid of their own mortality, thanks in at least some part to Hollywood's idolization of the young, fit and skinny person as the ideal.





Massive education is needed in order to halt antibiotic abuse. As far as harmful bacteria making us stronger: only if they don't kill us! If you're talking about evolution, that would take many generation of humans in order to evolve resistance. But it's fine with me - there are too many people in the world, anyway.





Your point is well taken. Unfortunately, I already agreed with you. The trouble is getting others to understand.
Reply:so people that make antibacterial stuff can make obscene profits at our expense. Follow the money.
Reply:Harmful bacteria do not make 'you' stronger. They make 'you' sick. Yeah, in the long run, if enough bacteria kill enough people young, then the species as a whole gets better at resisting that bacterium, but that's a poor consolation to the people who died. And just getting sick, but recovering has zippo evolutionary effect. It just makes you miserable for a while.





But you are right that using antibacterials on everything is a bad idea. It does make those bacteria resistant. You can keep things sanitized with soap or bleach. Spiking everything with Triclosan is wasteful.
Reply:because the bacteria can mutate and cause serious viruses

frangipni

Four bacteria and virus questions.?

1. what are the steps how a virus can be present in your body but no physical characteristics are shown? what are the 2 types of reproductive cycles?





2. what are the 2 main typesof metabolism and reproduction? why are they unique? examples





3. what are 3 ways how bacteria are economically important? examples?





4. what are 3 factors that limit bacteria growth? if bacteria is in almost every habitat and environment, how come they dont take over the world?

Four bacteria and virus questions.?
1.By Lysogeny because the virus stays in most of the cells inactive for a long time eg HIV virus. Two types of cycles are: Lysogeny and Lytic cycles.





2. Reproduction: Lytic(eg Flu) and Lysogeny(eg HIV virus which causes AIDS). They are unique because they reproduce only inside the hst cell and use the host's energy and enzyme to multiply.





3. They are important in industries to increase soil fertility by three ways:


a. convert nitrogen from the air into an acceptable form nitrogen fixing bacteria)


b. the bacteria converts this nitrogen compounds(nitrite and nitrate bacteria)


c.Soil nitrates re converted back to atmosphereic nitrogen(denitrifying bacteria)





4. a. the shortage of food


b. the shortage of oxygen


c. the accumluation of waste products.


Because of these limiting factors, the rate of bacteria growth is controlled, or else they would multiply at about the rate of 17million bacteria in 12 hours.


Biology question.. transformed bacteria?

Suppose a bacterial culture were mixed with recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin. The bacterial culture was then treated with penicillin. Which of the following statements is NOT true?





a.


Those bacteria that contain the plasmid will survive.


b.


The penicillin will kill the bacteria that were transformed.


c.


The gene for antibiotic resistance is expressed in the bacteria that survive.


d.


Those bacteria that are successfully transformed will survive.

Biology question.. transformed bacteria?
So, what do you think? You have everything you need to answer the question in the question. Do you know what transformed means? For bacteria, that means that you have transfered DNA into the bacteria. So, if the plasmid contains the gene needed for resistance to penicillin, then transformed bacteria will survive. In Answer B, the transformed bacteria die. That can't be right, correct? So, the answer is B.


A bacteria population starts at 2,032 and decreases at about 15% per day...?

A bacteria population starts at 2,032 and decreases at about 15% per day. Write a function representing the number of bacteria present each day. After how many days will there be fewer than 321 bacteria? Please help me!!!

A bacteria population starts at 2,032 and decreases at about 15% per day...?
321=2032*.85^n


log (321/2032)/log(.85)=n


n=11.35 days
Reply:f(x)=2032 * 0.85^x





where x = the number of days.





Then, try different values for x (increasing) until you get f(x) is less than 321.





The answer is after 12 days.


Why can't you see bacteria? (Besides to look on a telescope and that its small)?

Why can't you see bacteria besides you saying its small and that nobody knows or that theres no bacteria. First of all I think that there is bacteria, cuz sicentist already knows theres lots of different bacterias.theres no other way i can think of that you can see bacteria besides looking through a telescope. besides that how can we see bacteria?

Why can't you see bacteria? (Besides to look on a telescope and that its small)?
I'm not sure exactly what you're asking but i'll try to cover a broad range of things. There is bacteria and it's pretty much indisputable. And the answer why we can't see it is that it's microscopic our vision would have to be magnified up to hundreds of times before we'd be able to see all of them.
Reply:i don't know exactly..bacterias are prokaryotic cells.they don't have well defined nucleus.they lack cell wall.they are micro-organisms so they can't be seen.
Reply:1. You mean a microscope, not a telescope.


2. You can't see bacteria because they are much, much smaller than the smallest thing you can see. There is no reason "besides" that. A microscope helps you by making small things look bigger.
Reply:You can not see individual bacterial cells without a microscope. However, if you grow a bacterial culture you can see the bacteria without a microscope. Cultures on agar plates grow colonies of millions of bacteria clustered together that can be seen. If a broth culture is grown then the broth becomes turbid, or cloudy, and that indicates bacterial growth.

bleeding heart

Crohns or undetected bacteria like giardia ?

Crohns or undetected bacteria like giardia ?





Did you know that 'giardia' a common bacterial infection, is hard to detect and may require some 4-5 negative tests to prove you don't have it.





Did you know if the bacteria is not found, it or other parasitic bacteria like it can create symptoms that can label you with IBS, CROHNS, or similar lables, with similar symptoms.





Did you know that similar bacteria can cause different symptoms in different people ?





Did you know that bacterial infections may result in arthritis, MS or Cancer ?





http://www.abeautifuldifference.com/webd...

Crohns or undetected bacteria like giardia ?
I have had crohns since I was 12. the biopsy/scope showed that my gut was inflammed. Celiac and giardia was RULED OUT. Crohns IS NOT A PARASITIC INFECTION. It's the body's immune system reacting to the bowel as a foreign object thus rejecting it.





I trust my GI over any holistic claims that don't have scientific research to back it up. The crohns gene was found on NOD 7 a few yrs. ago. There is more evidence that supports this claim.





To educate yourself, please go to the crohns and colitis website. better yet, call their hotline. They have health professionals who can tell you about IBD.





I've seen your ads before on yahoo. I doubt you've been to medical school or been a pt. Try to put yourself in a crohnie's shoes for a month...could you handle it???





i have doubts.


Is Bacteria in the House Really That Bad?!? Seriousily!!!?

I can understand having scuzzy bacteria-ridden dishes getting one sick, but what about bacteria in the rest of the house? Does anyone actually ever really get sick from bacteria on bathroom counter tops, or coffee tables? We get sick from viruses from outside the house. Why the rant over anti-bacterial this and anti-bacterial that? Seems like with bacterial resistance these days it's a good idea to leave these little harmless friends alone.

Is Bacteria in the House Really That Bad?!? Seriousily!!!?
The problem isn't so much "too many bacteria" but "what kind of bacteria".


Most bacteria are harmless, or even beneficial: for example there are millions of bacteria in your intestines. In fact, there are more bacterial cells in your body than your own, and more E.coli in your intestines than there are people in the world. If you take a course of antibiotics, it often gives you diarrhoea, because it disrupts your "intestinal fauna", and messes-up the different populations of bacteria there ... so your intestines don't work properly for a while.





I have a particular dislike of those adverts that warn you there are more bacteria on your chopping-board than your toilet seat. There might well be - but the ones on your toilet seat are more likely to be harmful. There is a *reason* why we have evolved to dislike the smell of sh*t!





There is also the theory that we are weakening our immune systems by bleaching-away all these bacteria. Better to have an occasional stomach-upset, but a strong immune system than to be perfectly healthy until we catch something truly life-threatening.
Reply:it is true that some bacteria do help and do good things. millions live in your body protecting you, but a clean house is a healthy house. you don't have to go crazy or anything, but a regular cleaning will keep everyone healthier in some ways. some bacteria everywhere are what start those viruses in the first place, so be sure to clean (not crazy!!) but to nonetheless clean especially when someone in the house is sick
Reply:It seems pretty clear that cleaning with normal soap and water works as well as anything. And, we don't have to go overboard. After all, humans evolved living with all kinds of bacteria and viruses and our immune systems are usually perfectly able to handle the normal stuff.





My personal opinion is that carpet is bad. It not only provides habitat for all kinds of things even with the most meticulous vacuuming and it also seems to me that the current plague of asthma started when fire retardant stuff started to be put in carpet. I know when I am in a room with new carpet I start sneezing and have to leave.
Reply:%26gt; Is Bacteria in the House Really That Bad


Generally no. If you have a can that's bulging at the ends, don't eat the contents, LOL. Also, don't eat meat that smells bad or food that is visibly rotting.





%26gt; bathroom counter tops, or coffee tables


Nope. I don't make a habit of licking wet bathroom counter tops and coffee tables. Keep it dry, and you'll be fine.


What bacteria are causing sinusitis?

particular name of bacteria (ex. bordetalla pertussis)

What bacteria are causing sinusitis?
Bacteria that normally cause acute sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. These microorganisms, along with Staphylococcus aureus and anaerobes (bacteria that live without oxygen), are involved in chronic sinusitis.


Good bacteria in freshwater tank?

Ok, to start, I have a 50 gallon tank, and I set it up Saturday. My ph is way off the charts high right now. I know I need to get the "good bacteria" started, so I need suggestions on how to begin that.





Someone told me a good start would be to throw some hardy fish in there, like maybe a bunch of guppies. Would that work out? I wouldn't mind using guppies as "test subjects" since they're cheap. Are there any other hardy cheap fish that could work, besides goldfish?





Are there any other ideas that you've used or know work to ready a tank for fish?





Is there a specific temp I should keep it at in order to begin the bacteria? I believe it's 78 right now, or so.





Will the ph equal out once I get the bacteria starting to build up?





I know this is a lot of questions, but my betta and I appriciate and thank you in advance for your help. He's eagerly watching and waiting to check out his big new home!


:o)

Good bacteria in freshwater tank?
First if you pH is off the chart you need to remedy that before you put any fish in there, my suggestion is if its too low a little baking soda one or two teaspoons, or if it is too high an acid buffer, vitamin c works ok if you have some, but they sell acid buffer in pet stores.





anyway, cycling is a huge myth, its the way to keep novice fish keepers from killing there fish, all you need to do is add two fish to the tank and feed them reasonably





then wait a week and add two more, feed them reasonbly, by that i mean dont feed them twice a day,





i have six fish tanks and i never wait to put fish in, i just make sure that my ammonia is zero, I use amquell plus to knock out any chloramine, because regular dechlorinator will actually release ammonia into your tank





and i dont reccomend putting a betta into such a big tank, they dont swim well and like to be a little cramped they live in rice patties in the wild





as far as good bacteria they will grow overtime, but you just need to think of the tank as a big rubberband, you can stretch the amount of fish you put in there slowly, a few a week, but if you go an add like ten fish at once the rubber band will snap from to much force at once





just keep an eye on your ammonia level and you nitrite level they should not be zero at this point when you add fish but they should be very low
Reply:fishless cycling is the most cruelty-free way of cycling a tank.


there's an excellent beginners guide linked below.
Reply:I would do a fishless cycle. This will not harm any fish and is easier. You can add like a frozen shrimp in there(or a few) and as it decays the bactiria will grow and feed on it. Then you can take it out and safly add fish. Test every few days with a liquid test kit


You should have ammonia 0, nitrite 0, and nitrate like around 10


This will take a few weeks


Then add a few fish at a time and keep testing your water
Reply:Get a product called Cycle.
Reply:Different species of fish can tolerate ph from 4.5-9. Your betta will tolerate anything in that range, especially if he's already in hard water. Don't worry about ph until you've figured out which fish you want to go with him. Using chemicals to make the ph unstable will kill fish.





A fishless cycle is best. Get a source of PURE ammonia or use frozen feeder shrimp to cycle the tank. Guppies are kinda small to cycle a 50 gallon tank. Feed the tank a tablespoon of ammonia or a few feeder shrimp and the bacteria should start to grow.
Reply:You can cycle your tank using one small application of plain ammonia. That way you don't have to torture any fish,cheap or not. Look up "fish-less cycling" on a good aquarium web site. Any way you cycle it will take about 5 weeks to completely go through the process of growing the bacteria colonies that will care for your fish. You don't need to buy bacteria cultures to add to your tank,they are every where. The key to fish-less cycling is a good test kit.----- Your temperature is fine, temp is not that critical.----- The pH is what it is. High pH water is very hard water usually with a high alkalinity factor also. This means that short of a Reverse Osmosis system you will have to deal with a high pH. The easiest way to do this is to keep fish that will thrive in this kind of water. African Cichlids(although a 50 gallon tank might not be large enough,territory-wise) Some of the mid water Africans like Brichardi might work.And some of the smaller ones like the Julidichromis group will breed readily in that kind of water. Another choice might be the Rainbow fishes from Australia or New Zealand or Indonesia. Another group of fishes that will thrive in your water are the Live-bearers from Mexico and Central America.--------It's much easier to let the water choose your fish,than to constantly battle with changing water numbers and stressed out fish. I hope you won't see this as bad news,it is better seen as an opportunity to keep some interesting and unusual fish.People that live in soft water areas would love to have water that is as stable as yours. Please try fish-less cycling,it's really more humane.-------PeeTee
Reply:Ph is not dependant on bacterial levels. Bacterial levels are dependant on ph. Ammonia and nitrite levels are what are affected by the bacteria in the tank.





Carbonate hardness (KH) is what will determine your ph's stability and level over time. If you have a low kh tank, you need to add baking soda or some other carbonate buffer to get it above 6.4. There are a number of products from seachem %26amp; aquarium pharmacudicals that are carbonate buffers. Stay away from phosphate buffers - They'll attract beard algae. Alternatively you can use crushed coral as gravel to help stabalize the ph.





Bacteria start dying at ph 6.4 and below. Anything above 6.4 and below 8.5 is fine for nitrifying bacteria. Acidic conditions are bad for bacteria.





Guppies are fine fish for cycling. They tolerate crappy conditions well. You just need a source of organic ammonia to get things going.





Better yet, they sell a product in the refrigerated section of most fish stores called bio-spyra, which is live bacteria. Its about $18-24 for a 50 gallon dose. It works overnight as long as the water conditions don't kill bacteria (like, dechlorinated... ph above 6.4). Be sure to check the expiration date before buying... They have a very short shelf life %26amp; must be refridgerated.

street fighting